Subject: George Soros -- proud owner of a banana republic From: pavlovic@minerva.cis.yale.edu (Milan Pavlovic) Newsgroups: soc.culture.yugoslavia,soc.culture.greek Date: 18 Mar 1995 23:15:43 GMT Over the past 3 years, many Western policy-makers have contended that the Republic of Skopje is "weak" and "defenseless", and therefore no match for "Greek thugs" who allegedly seek to destabilize it. Well, that's not true, and now there is proof. Skopje has many powerful allies, one of whom is Mr. George Soros, who has invested millions of dollars of his own fortune to demonize Greeks in the Western media. The following article is quite long, but very, very informative. It has taken me several hours to retype it on the computer, but I think it is well worth it. I encourage Serbs, and especially Greeks, to read it. Quoting parts of an article from "The New Yorker", published on Jan. 23, 1995. Reprinted without permission, for "fair use" only. =============================================================================== Profile The World According to Soros By: Connie Bruck ..... Nowhere has Soros put more energy and money into bolstering a government than in Macedonia. "George is the savior of Macedonia," his friend Morton Abramowitz declared. And the Macedonian representative in Washington, Ljubica Acevska, says of two separate Soros loans of twenty-five million dollars, "People have found it difficult to believe. The opposition said, 'A country does not help you -- why would an individual help you?' Remember, twenty-five million dollars in Macedonia is like billions here. . . . The fact that Soros did it helped the government a great deal." By betting aggressively on Macedonia, Soros plunged into one of those simmering Balkan disputes whose apparent simplicities mask lethal complexities. The Macedonia that excited Soros was a province of Yugoslavia once known as Vardar Banovina; it was renamed the Republic of Macedonia in 1945 by Marshal Tito. Its populace was varied, the largest portion being Slavs, whose ancestors had arrived in the region nearly a thousand years after the most famous Macedonians of all, Phillip II and his son, Alexander the Great. However, Tito -- coveting the large Greek region of Macedonia -- encouraged the irredentist idea of all Macedonians' sharing a distinct ethnic identity. He then supported the Communist-led Democratic Army in the Greek Civil War, a brutal conflict that tore the country from 1946 to 1949. Greece's fears were reawakened in 1991, when the fragment of Yugoslavia declared its independence as the nation of Macedonia; its newly elected President, Kiro Gligorov, was one of Tito's Communist bosses, and had helped propagate the idea of a separate ethnic identity for Macedonians. Gligorov says that his Macedonia has no territorial ambitions, but the Greeks have not been comforted. In 1992 and 1993, Gligorov's government issued new school textbooks that showed "geographical ethnic boundaries" encompassing the whole of Greek Macedonia; the country's flag carries the symbol of the empire of Alexander the Great; and a preamble to its 1991 Constitution pledges it to protect Macedonians everywhere. The Greeks do not pretend that the Lilliputian Macedonia, with its two million people, poses any threat to them at the moment, but history has taught them to take a long view. In a scenario that some Greeks project, for example, Macedonians might someday attempt a hostile incursion, in concert with their fellow-Slavs in Bulgaria, which occupied part of Greece during the Second World War. This was the situation when Soros arrived in Skopje, the Macedonian capital, in September, 1992, during a whirlwind tour through his proliferating foundation network. He had come directly from Bulgaria, where a member of the board of his foundation in Sofia had given him the prevailing Bulgarian view: that there is no such thing as an ethnic Macedonian, and that Macedonia's fervent attempts to establish this identity cloaked irredentist aspirations bequeathed by Tito. "Soros knew nothing about Macedonia," Acevska said. "When he arrived, his head was filled with propaganda from Bulgaria -- he was probably sorry that he was here. Then he had a meeting with the Prime Minister, whom Soros really likes, and the President had a lunch for him -- and he changed his mind." That afternoon, Soros held a press conference at which he announced that he was committing an additional million dollars to the budget of his foundation in Macedonia, and, furthermore -- and this carried as much weight -- he was changing its name from the Open Society Foundation of Skopje to the Open Society Foundation of Macedonia. When I described Soros's overnight conversion to the Macedonian cause to someone who used to work for Soros in the financial markets, this person asserted that it was "pure Soros." He said, "As a fund manager, you're looking at life and then simplifying it in order to find predictive qualities. So he gets the 'broker's recommendation' -- that is, the consensus view -- from Bulgaria. Then he gets to Macedonia, and, instead of getting corroboration, he decides that the reality is totally different. And he thinks, If I HIT the reality hard, the illusion will give way. It's his PERFECT market position!" This person noted that Soros is always happiest going against the herd: "That's when the wind's in your hair." He pointed out, however, that in the market "you see if you're right or wrong; the market tells you. Now George is in an area where there is no real right or wrong; where it's more nuanced. He says, 'If I spend enough, I will make it right.' " In the good-guy, bad-guy formulation to which Soros is so partial, the Greeks became the bad guys. He did not go to Greece to get the Greek view. In his few hours with Gligorov, he became persuaded, as he has often insisted since, that Macedonia is the only multi-ethnic state left in the Balkans with a government devoted to pluralism and democratic principles -- a view contested by many ethnic Albanians, Macedonia's largest minority, who charge that Gligorov's actions belie his words, and that they are discriminated against in schooling, employment, and political representation. The executive director of the Soros foundation in Skopje, Vladimir Milcin, maintains that he, too, is committed to the principles of an open society. But it is difficult to reconcile a dedication to pluralism with the demagogic passion that Milcin exhibits on the question of Macedonian ethnic identity. He gave me propagandist literature on Macedonia and Greece (including a pamphlet of excerpted texts entitled "Modern Greeks Are Not Descended from the Ancient Hellenes"). Efforts to resolve the ongoing dispute with Greece have included discussions about changing the name of Macedonia to something like Vardar Macedonia or Nova Macedonia. But in an interview I had with the Prime Minister, Branko Crvenkovski, which Milcin attended, the two men insisted that the name is not negotiable. Milcin declared, "If they change the name, I will go to the mountains and fight with the guerrillas!" Such strong partisanship is not the normal language of foundations. As tax-exempt organizations that receive tax-deductible contributions (from Soros), the Soros foundations, according to I.R.S. rules, are not supposed to engage in most forms of political activity. They may not lend support to a particular party or a campaign, for example, and they may not lobby (though "lobbying" is rather loosely defined). Soros, as he has done often in his financial life, is moving aggressively in a gray area -- in both his personal lobbying and the work of his foundations. Soros has made no secret of his willingness to lend support to Gligorov, even in the context of an election campaign. In November, Gligorov and his coalition won an ample majority (in an election that the two main opposition parties have charged was rigged). About a month before the election, Soros told me that he would have gone to Macedonia to help Gligorov if the election had seemed in doubt. Ljupco Georgievski, the right-wing head of the opposition V.M.R.O. (International Macedonian Revolutionary Organization) Party, charges that the Soros foundation is "a support machine to the government." Virtually all foundation grants, he says, go to those associated in some way with the ruling party. Referring to a television station, A1, that receives Soros support, Georgievski said, "It is truly an alternative in its cultural programming; however, in politics. . . you see ministers of the present Macedonian government more often than on state TV." Marshall Harris, who was formerly in the State Department and is now the executive director of the Action Council for Peace in the Balkans (an organization started in 1993 with Soros's funding), told me, "The complaints I've heard a lot -- that the [Gligorov] government freezes out all other parties, even those in its own coalition, that information about negotiations [in the dispute with Greece] is kept under VERY tight control -- are not suggestive of a new system." Since the fall of 1992, Soros has been lobbying aggressively for United States recognition of Macedonia, while Greece has been making the case that recognition should not come before Macedonian concessions on its name, its flag, and its Constitution. Last February, President Clinton did agree to recognize Macedonia under the name of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia -- an attempt not to show prejudice to either side. Greece retaliated with an embargo, and Clinton, after meeting with representatives of a Greek-American lobby, essentially froze the recognition. At this point, one well-placed person in the Clinton Administration told me, Soros moved into high gear. "He wrote a sharp letter to the President, raising parallels with 1938 and appeasement," this person said. Soros also wrote a somewhat more moderate piece for the Op-Ed page of the Times. In public appearances, he denounced Greece and the Greek-American lobby. He has lobbied Strobe Talbott and others in the State Department and the National Security Council. And at the Bretton Woods Conferences in Washington last July, Soros worked the corridors assiduously, attempting to persuade members of the European Union to help Macedonia. (Greece, which then held the chairmanship of the E.U., has vetoed any aid.) Nor were all Soros's efforts so overt. The Soros-funded Action Council for Peace in the Balkans launced a major effort on Macedonia. In February, 1994, it issued a "Macedonia White Paper," highly supportive of Macedonia's position vis-a-vis Greece, and this was circulated to the White House, Cabinet offices, Congress, and hundreds of media people. Several months later, in May, it issued another report, which also supported Macedonia. The report had been produced, according to its cover letter, by "a bipartisan, independent delegation." The Action Council letterhead lists fifty people -- including members of its steering committee and its executive director and its program director -- but not Soros. (According to Aryeh Neier, Soros wants to "foster the debate" rather than "be identified with detailed positions.") Nor, for that matter, does it list John Fox, who is the head of Soros's Washington office, and who, according to Marshall Harris, "was director of the policy group. . . the behind-the-scenes group at the working level of the council," and was involved in the preparation of both reports. Few would disagree with the high premium Soros has placed on achieving a stable Macedonia. For if tensions were to ignite between its Slav majority and its large Albanian minority, that conflict might well precipitate a wider Balkan war -- one that could involve Albania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Greece. And his denunciations of the Greek embargo are no so off the mark, either; even many who understand Greece's sensitivity on the Macedonian issue acknowledge that Greece, in imposing the embargo, has handled the situation in an unjustifiable as well as self-damaging way. But the problem with Soros is the extremity of his views -- his tendency to beatify one side and demonize the other -- and the way in which that is reflected in his activism. If Soros had pursued a more moderate, conventionally diplomatic course at the start, listening to both sides, it is just conceivable that he -- with his influence and resources -- might have been able to mediate a settlement before the issue became so enmeshed in the politics of both countries. In the event, however, Soros's intervention -- as self-styled deus ex machina -- has done nothing to move the conflict toward resolution; if anything, one might argue that his zealousness (and funds) has contributed to Macedonia's intractability. According to one person familiar with the situation, the Greeks have become somewhat more flexible, while Gligorov -- after his recent electoral victory -- has stiffened. It bears noting, too, that Soros's strength has always been abstraction, while his weakness has been judgments about character, motivation, the more nuanced stuff of life -- and, for that matter, of politics. As one person with considerable diplomatic experience told me, "Gligorov is very smart, but he did spend thirty-five years in the Tito government -- and to have survived in that system you have to be a tough bastard. We should not have illusions about him. Soros does romanticize Gligorov. "Soros sees this situationin black-and-white," this person continued. "But in my view, no. In this region, there is no black-and-white, and it is a mistake to view it that way." To Soros fans like Strobe Talbott; Leslie Gelb, the president of the Council on Foreign Relations; and Mark Malloch Brown, the head of public affairs at the World Bank, Soros is the trailblazer they hope other businesspeople will follow, moving to fill the vacuum left by an overextended and inadequate government. But Soros's Macedonian expedition seems to be almost a parable about the pitfalls of that idea. Soros, unsurprisingly, is to a considerable degree a creature of his experience in the markets: idiosyncratic, intuitive, prone to quick judgments often based on scanty information, aggressive, manipulative, so self-reliant that he trusts no one's judgment but his own -- a profile, in sum, hardly suggestive of a diplomat. And, unlike the governmental bodies he has long disdained, Soros is a free agent, accountable to no one, subject to no checks and balances of countervailing opinion -- whose power is rooted, in the end, not in a consensus on the wisdom and sophistication of his world view but in his money. ..... =============================================================================== Regards, Milan Pavlovic _______________________________________________________________________________ [Iz filma "Balkanski Spijun"]: - Drugo. Prelaze po dvadesetak kilometara, sto znaci da odrzavaju fizicku spremnost. Trece. Organizovani su po sistemu trojke, a trojke su Djuro sta?! -- Osnovne jedinice diverzantskih grupa! - Usput, razgovaraju sa seljacima. Danice - zasto razgovaraju sa seljacima? --- Pa pitaju gde ima fazana. - Danice, Danice! Razgovaraju sa seljacima kako je raspolozenje u narodu. Idemo dalje! _______________________________________________________________________________