RFE/RL Newsline, Vol. 4, No. 55, 00-03-17

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RFE/RL NEWSLINE

Vol. 4, No. 55, 17 March 2000

CONTENTS

[A] TRANSCAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA

[01] ARMENIAN PRESIDENT EXPLAINS RATIONALE FOR ARMY PROMOTIONS

[02] NAKHICHEVAN ARMENIANS APPEAL TO RUSSIA TO ANNUL KEY TREATY

[03] AZERBAIJAN, UKRAINE SIGN NEW COOPERATION AGREEMENTS

[04] AZERBAIJAN AGAIN REJECTS TURKMEN CLAIMS TO CASPIAN OIL-

[05] ...DEMANDS INCREASED SHARE OF CAPACITY OF GAS EXPORT

[06] KARABAKH AUTHORITIES ACCUSE BAKU OF XENOPHOBIA, ECONOMIC

[07] AZERBAIJANI PAPER WARNED OF IMMINENT ATTACK

[08] GEORGIAN PRESIDENTIAL CHALLENGER UNVEILS PROGRAM

[09] GEORGIAN PARLIAMENT DEPUTY TO SEEK ASYLUM ABROAD

[10] KYRGYZ PROTESTS CONTINUE

[11] KYRGYZ OPPOSITION POLITICIAN ARRESTED

[B] SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE

[12] U.S. TROOPS TO JOIN MANEUVER IN KOSOVA

[13] REINHARDT: KOSOVA MAY NEED PEACEKEEPERS FOR DECADE

[14] KOSOVARS SHUN CLASH WITH U.S.

[15] ETHNIC ALBANIAN LAWYER BEATEN IN SERBIA

[16] JAILED EDITOR FREED

[17] SERBIA MAINTAINS BLOCKADE OF MONTENEGRO

[18] YUGOSLAV ARMY DENIES POLITICAL ROLE

[19] GERMAN PROSECUTORS INVESTIGATE STABILITY PACT CHIEF

[20] MESIC CONFIRMS EXISTENCE OF FRANJO-SLOBO HOT LINE

[21] TWO MORE EX-OFFICIALS ARRESTED FOR GRAFT IN CROATIA

[22] ROMANIAN CHEMICAL PLANT LEAKS AMMONIA

[23] ROMANIAN FOREIGN MINISTRY REBUKES HUNGARIAN FAR-RIGHT

[24] ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT APPROVES KEY ECONOMIC STRATEGY PAPER

[25] MOLDOVAN PREMIER WARNS COUNTRY MAY DEFAULT ON DEBTS

[26] U.S. CONFIRMS OFFER OF SUPPORT TO MOLDOVA

[27] BULGARIA SETS UP SPECIAL COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE ARMS

[C] END NOTE

[28] RUSSIA, UKRAINE WAGE WAR OF WORDS

[A] TRANSCAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA

[01] ARMENIAN PRESIDENT EXPLAINS RATIONALE FOR ARMY PROMOTIONS

Robert Kocharian said that the reason behind his 14 March

promotion of senior army officers who are members of the

Yerkrapah Union of veterans of the Karabakh war was to

prevent the military from being drawn into Armenian

politics and the weakening of the country's defense

potential, RFE/RL's Yerevan bureau reported. He said that

domestic political tensions had begun to affect the army,

prompting "numerous complaints" from military personnel.

Kocharian added that the reshuffle will enable him as

commander in chief "to control the army and bear full

responsibility for the country's security." The following

day, Kocharian met for two hours with the leadership of the

Miasnutiun parliament majority alliance to discuss the

political situation. No details of those talks were

divulged (see also "RFE/RL Caucasus Report," Vol. 3, No.

11, 17 March 2000). LF

[02] NAKHICHEVAN ARMENIANS APPEAL TO RUSSIA TO ANNUL KEY TREATY

former Armenian community from the Azerbaijani exclave of

Nakhichevan adopted an appeal to the Russian State Duma to

annul sections of the Treaty of Moscow signed 79 years

earlier, according to a National Council of Nakhijevan

Armenians press release. That part of the treaty, which was

signed by Soviet Russia and Turkey, transferred

Nakhichevan, which in November 1920 had been formally

recognized as part of Armenia, to Azerbaijani jurisdiction,

the appeal notes. In 1924, Nakhichevan was given autonomous

status within Azerbaijan which subsequently, the press

release claims, implemented a policy of compelling the

region's ethnic-Armenian majority to emigrate. The press

release argues that as the legal successor to Soviet

Russia, the Russian Federation should annul the "illegal

and illegitimate" treaty which hinders friendly relations

and trust between Armenia and Russia. LF

[03] AZERBAIJAN, UKRAINE SIGN NEW COOPERATION AGREEMENTS

Ukrainian counterpart Leonid Kuchma signed a treaty on

friendship, cooperation, and partnership in Baku on 16

March that designated the relation between the two states

as "a strategic partnership," ITAR-TASS reported. Also

signed were a 10-year economic cooperation agreement and

agreements on interbank financial settlements, pensions,

and education. Aliev and Kuchma also discussed cooperation

within GUUAM, the prospects for exporting Azerbaijan's

Caspian oil via the Odesa-Brody pipeline, and the Karabakh

conflict. The two presidents pledged to coordinate their

efforts towards integration into European structures.

Kuchma promised support for Azerbaijan's aspiration to be

accepted into full membership of the Council of Europe. LF

[04] AZERBAIJAN AGAIN REJECTS TURKMEN CLAIMS TO CASPIAN OIL-

Azerbaijan's foreign minister, Vilayat Guliev,

said on 16 March that Ashgabat's claims to ownership of the

Kyapaz (Serdar) Caspian oil field will not be valid until

the five Caspian littoral states (Azerbaijan, Iran,

Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan) have reached

agreement on the legal status of the Caspian Sea, Interfax

reported. The two countries have been in dispute over

ownership of that field for several years (see "RFE/RL

Newsline," 7 July 1997, 17 April 1998, and 17 March 1999).

Turkmen President Saparmurat Niyazov has proposed convening

a summit of leaders of the littoral states next month to

try to resolve differences over the legal status of the

Caspian (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 15 March 2000). LF

[05] ...DEMANDS INCREASED SHARE OF CAPACITY OF GAS EXPORT

Less than one week after his father Heidar

accepted Niyazov's offer to allow Azerbaijan to export 5

billion cubic meters of natural gas per year via the

planned Trans-Caspian pipeline (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 13

March 2000), Azerbaijan State Oil Company First Vice

President Ilham Aliev said in Baku on 15 March that

Azerbaijan will demand that allocation be increased to at

least 8 billion cubic meters, Turan reported the following

day. That pipeline will have an initial capacity of 16

billion cubic meters, and a final capacity of 30 billion.

Ilham Aliev said that Azerbaijan will soon begin gas

production at offshore Caspian fields that are so large

that two or three pipelines will be needed to export the

gas. LF

[06] KARABAKH AUTHORITIES ACCUSE BAKU OF XENOPHOBIA, ECONOMIC

The Foreign Ministry of the unrecognized Nagorno-

Karabakh Republic has issued a statement accusing the

Azerbaijani authorities of creating obstacles to the

enclave's normal political and economic development and to

the establishment of peace and stability in the region,

Noyan Tapan reported on 17 March. The statement rejects as

unfounded an Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry statement of 15

February claiming that plans by the enclave's government to

attract foreign investment could have a negative impact on

the ongoing search for a solution to the Karabakh conflict.

The statement accuses Baku of seeking to arouse anti-

Armenian sentiment and to exacerbate economic conditions in

Karabakh in order to compel the Armenian population to

emigrate. LF

[07] AZERBAIJANI PAPER WARNED OF IMMINENT ATTACK

official who declined to divulge his identity telephoned

the independent Azerbaijani daily "Azadlyg" on 15 March and

warned that preparations are under way for an attack on the

paper's premises, Turan reported on 17 March. The Baku

premises of the opposition Musavat Party and its newspaper

"Yeni Musavat" were attacked in early February (see "RFE/RL

Newsline," 8 February 2000). LF

[08] GEORGIAN PRESIDENTIAL CHALLENGER UNVEILS PROGRAM

Patiashvili told supporters (and some hecklers) on 16 March

that if he wins the 9 April presidential poll his

priorities will be restoring Georgia's territorial

integrity, developing domestic industry, eliminating

unemployment, and resolving social problems, Caucasus Press

reported. Patiashvili also pledged to pay wages and

pensions on time, raising the monies to do so by abolishing

what he termed "unnecessary" state structures such as the

post of regional governor. Incumbent President Eduard

Shevardnadze told journalists on 13 March that Georgia will

not resort to a monetary emission to cover domestic debts.

Pension arrears since the beginning of the year have

already reached 20 million lari (over $10 million) in

addition to the 110 million lari outstanding pension and

wage debts for previous years. LF

[09] GEORGIAN PARLIAMENT DEPUTY TO SEEK ASYLUM ABROAD

Batumi mayor and Georgian parliament deputy Aslan Smirba

has appealed for political asylum abroad after Georgian

Prosecutor-General Djamlet Babilashvili asked the

legislature to strip Smirba of his immunity to allow his

prosecution, ITAR-TASS reported on 16 March. Smirba is

accused of embezzling $290,000 from the London office of

the Georgian Merchant Fleet, of which he is a former

director. Investigators believe he may also have been

responsible for the disappearance of millions of dollars in

other funds belonging to the company. LF

[10] KYRGYZ PROTESTS CONTINUE

El (Bei Bechara) Party chairman Daniyar Usenov staged a

further demonstration in Bishkek on 16 March to demand the

annulment of the court ruling barring Usenov from

contesting the 12 March runoff election to the Kyrgyz

parliament, RFE/RL's Bishkek bureau reported. Around 500

supporters of Ar-Namys Party chairman Feliks Kulov staged a

separate protest in Bishkek, while 1,000 people congregated

outside the local court building in the town of Kara-Buura

for the fifth consecutive day to protest Kulov's poll

defeat. An Ar-Namys Party member told RFE/RL that village

officials in Talas Oblast had told local residents that

they had been pressured from above to falsify the poll

outcome. Also on 16 March, State Secretary Naken Kasiev,

Deputy Interior Minister Kalmurat Sadiev and Bishkek City

Prosecutor Jumadyl Makeshev warned on state television that

the protest demonstrations in Bishkek were illegal and that

their organizers will be punished. LF

[11] KYRGYZ OPPOSITION POLITICIAN ARRESTED

leader Topchubek Turgunaliev was arrested in Bishkek late

on 16 March, RFE/RL's bureau in the Kyrgyz capital

reported. Earlier that day Turgunaliev had addressed one of

the protest meetings in Bishkek and called on President

Askar Akaev to resign. Turgunaliev, who is 58 and a former

university rector, has been arrested and tried three times

in the past five years on charges of insulting Akaev, abuse

of his official position, and planning to assassinate the

president. LF

[B] SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE

[12] U.S. TROOPS TO JOIN MANEUVER IN KOSOVA

spokesman said in Washington on 16 March that 1,100 Marines

will take part in a NATO exercise of 2,000 troops over the

weekend. He stressed that the maneuver has been planned

since September and is not related to current tensions in

Mitrovica and southwestern Serbia. Meanwhile in Athens,

Aleka Papariga of the Communist Party of Greece called for

anti-U.S. and anti-NATO demonstrations in Thessaloniki

while the Marines pass through the city. She said that NATO

troops in Kosova are "occupying forces engaged in ethnic

cleansing against the Serbs," Reuters reported. Papariga

also called for the recall of Greek forces serving with

KFOR. Observers note that ordinary Serbs welcome the

presence of the Greek soldiers. German army officers have

told "RFE/RL Newsline" that Greek crowds have previously

harassed and taunted German and other NATO troops in

Thessaloniki. PM

[13] REINHARDT: KOSOVA MAY NEED PEACEKEEPERS FOR DECADE

commander General Klaus Reinhardt told Reuters in Prishtina

on 17 March that peacekeepers may have to remain in the

troubled province for up to 10 years. He compared the

difficult situation there with those in other trouble

spots. "Look at Northern Ireland and how long that is

taking. Look at Sinai and Lebanon and you see how difficult

that is," he added. Reinhardt also expressed doubts that a

multicultural society will return any time soon to Kosova.

U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright has also

recently distanced herself from multiculturalism as a goal

(see "RFR/RL Balkan Report," 16 March 2000). "The New York

Times" ran a commentary on 17 March in which it called on

the international community to "get real" and recognize

that most Serbs and Albanians do not want to live together.

PM

[14] KOSOVARS SHUN CLASH WITH U.S.

Robertson said in Zagreb on 16 March that the Atlantic

alliance has the situation in Kosova under control. "It

should not be assumed that because there are one or two

flashpoints, the majority of [Kosova] is somehow in flames.

That is not true," he added. In Kosova, a U.S. army

spokeswoman hailed NATO's confiscation of illegal weapons

from Albanian extremists: "This won't be the last time.

Everything we find that's suspicious we'll act upon," she

said (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 16 March 2000). In Washington,

State Department spokesman James Rubin noted that the

Albanians did not resist and seemed concerned not to

provoke any incident between themselves and the U.S.

forces. He stressed that this "demonstrates that the

Kosovar Albanians do not desire confrontation with American

forces. We do not believe we are headed for a confrontation

with the Kosovar Albanians," he added. PM

[15] ETHNIC ALBANIAN LAWYER BEATEN IN SERBIA

of 16 March, four unidentified masked men forced their way

into the Zemun apartment of Husnia Butyqi, beating him and

his wife. He has undergone surgery for head wounds and is

in serious condition, the private Beta news agency

reported. Butyqi was slated to defend some of a group of

five ethnic Albanians in a Belgrade court the following

day. He has previously defended Albanian activist Flora

Brovina and others. Zemun is run by Vojislav Seselj's

Serbian Radical Party. PM

[16] JAILED EDITOR FREED

chief of the independent Television Soko in the central

Serbian town of Soko Banja, was freed from a prison in

Zajecar on 17 March. Ristic told a crowd of well-wishers

that it remains essential to support free media, AP

reported. He had been held for one year for "spreading

false information." Ristic had irked the authorities by

displaying a poster in his office window reading: "A Free

Press--Made In Serbia." PM

[17] SERBIA MAINTAINS BLOCKADE OF MONTENEGRO

claims by the Belgrade authorities that the border between

Serbia and Montenegro is open, "Vesti" of 17 March wrote

that it is as tightly regulated as any international border

in Europe. Reporting from Mehov Krs, the reporters added

that Serbian authorities do not allow even sheep to pass

the frontier freely. There is "no trace" of police on the

Montenegrin side of the crossing, the daily noted.

Elsewhere, Beta reported that a shipment of 3,500 tons of

iron is stuck on the border. The Niksic iron works has had

to stop production for a lack of raw materials from Serbia.

PM

[18] YUGOSLAV ARMY DENIES POLITICAL ROLE

Second Army said in a statement in Podgorica on 16 March

that Montenegrin charges that the military has taken on a

political role are "malicious and very dangerous," RFE/RL's

South Slavic Service reported (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 16

March 2000). The statement added that the Montenegrin

police have recently increased their numbers and conducted

military training exercises. PM

[19] GERMAN PROSECUTORS INVESTIGATE STABILITY PACT CHIEF

Schwartzwald, a prosecutor in Duesseldorf, told Reuters on

17 March that "an investigation is under way against Bodo

Hombach," who heads the EU's Balkan Stability Pact. The

former top aide to Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder is

suspected of having illegally diverted $150,000 from a

private company to an official of the Social Democratic

Party. Charges of financial irregularities and extravagance

have surfaced previously against Hombach in the German

political arena. Many in Germany and elsewhere criticized

Schroeder's 1999 appointment of Hombach, who has little

background in international affairs and none in the

Balkans. PM

[20] MESIC CONFIRMS EXISTENCE OF FRANJO-SLOBO HOT LINE

President Stipe Mesic told reporters in Zagreb on 16 March

that press reports of a direct telephone line between the

late President Franjo Tudjman and Yugoslav President

Slobodan Milosevic are true, RFE/RL's South Slavic Service

reported (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 16 March 2000). It is not

clear when the phone line was set up or how often it was

used. Mesic added that investigators will soon begin

listening to tapes that Tudjman made of conversations in

his office. PM

[21] TWO MORE EX-OFFICIALS ARRESTED FOR GRAFT IN CROATIA

March, police in Split arrested Zvonimir Vedris and Davor

Zuvic, who were prominent officials in the last

government's Transportation Ministry. They are suspected of

embezzling $2 million that was slated for the construction

of two airports that were never built. The money landed in

private accounts abroad, "Vecernji list" reported. Police

chief Ranko Ostojic said that the arrest proved the

"connection between crime and the former government," Hina

noted. PM

[22] ROMANIAN CHEMICAL PLANT LEAKS AMMONIA

southern Romania was reported to have leaked concentrations

of ammonia that exceeded local safety standards on 15

March, AP reported the next day. While the Romanian

Environment Ministry said the leak was about 1.5 times

above the safety level, Bulgarian authorities said it

reached 3.6 times the acceptable level. Meanwhile, a German

Environment Ministry official on a visit to Romania said

local environmental organizations had told her there are

some 55 "environmental time bombs" similar to the one that

caused a recent heavy metal spill in the Tisza River, MTI

reported (see "RFE/RL Newsline," 13 March 2000). VG

[23] ROMANIAN FOREIGN MINISTRY REBUKES HUNGARIAN FAR-RIGHT

The Foreign Ministry on 16 March said in a

statement that it has "taken note" of the declaration made

one day earlier by far-right Hungarian Justice and Life

Party leader Istvan Csurka and that it "regretfully must

conclude that these declarations are in evident contrast

with the positive evolution [marked] in Romanian-Hungarian

relations." Csurka told a gathering marking the 15 March

Hungarian national holiday that a repeat of "the tragedy"

of the Tisza (Tisa) River pollution can only be avoided if

Transylvania becomes an independent state. The Romanian

ministry says the purpose of the statement is to "create

artificial tension" in Romanian-Hungarian relations and

that the two countries must continue their effort to

achieve integration into "a united Europe that is

unburdened by prejudice and reminiscences of the past,"

Romanian state radio reported. MS

[24] ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT APPROVES KEY ECONOMIC STRATEGY PAPER

key medium-term economic strategy paper that calls for non-

inflationary and sustainable economic growth, Rompres

reported. The document is considered essential for the

country's upcoming membership talks with the EU. In other

news, Romania announced that it will open eight centers

around the country to process Moldovan applicants for

citizenship, AP reported on 15 March. The Moldovan

government has protested against the decision. Also, a

Bucharest court on 16 March rejected a request by Zoe

Ceausescu--the daughter of late Romanian communist leader

Nicolae Ceausescu--for the return of belongings that were

confiscated during the 1989 anti-communist revolt, Mediafax

reported. VG

[25] MOLDOVAN PREMIER WARNS COUNTRY MAY DEFAULT ON DEBTS

default on its debt payments for this year if the

parliament does not pass key laws related to a memorandum

the country has signed with the IMF, Infotag reported. If

Moldova fulfills the memorandum, which calls for the

privatization of key companies, it will be eligible to

receive external financing. He said the cabinet is not sure

it will be able to pay some $81.3 million in debt payments

due this year without external financial assistance. VG

[26] U.S. CONFIRMS OFFER OF SUPPORT TO MOLDOVA

Secretary of State Strobe Talbott on 16 March told visiting

Moldovan Foreign Minister Nicolae Tabacaru that the U.S. is

ready to provide the country with $33 million to speed up

the withdrawal of Russian troops from the breakaway region

of Transdniester, Infotag reported. VG

[27] BULGARIA SETS UP SPECIAL COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE ARMS

The Bulgarian government has set up a special

commission to investigate allegations in a recent UN report

that the country sold weapons to Angola's UNITA rebels (see

"RFE/RL Newsline," 16 March 2000), BTA reported. Several

officials have denied that the country made any direct arms

sales to UNITA. In other news, Bulgarian Prime Minister

Ivan Kostov suggested to his visiting Swedish counterpart,

Goran Persson, that the Balkan Stability Pact be used to

guarantee foreign investment in the Balkan region, BTA

reported on 15 March. Persson praised the idea and said he

would present it at the upcoming EU summit in Lisbon. VG

[C] END NOTE

[28] RUSSIA, UKRAINE WAGE WAR OF WORDS

Russia and Ukraine are engaged in an increasingly

heated war of words about language. The Russian government

has criticized Ukrainian policy aimed at making the use of

the Ukrainian language mandatory for all state officials

and increasing its use in schools. Russian organizations in

both Russia and Ukraine have joined in that criticism.

Last week, hundreds of people in the west Ukrainian

city of Lviv demonstrated to demand the closure of all

Russian-language publications. In the capital, Kyiv,

nationalists demanded that Russian be banned from official

use and from television.

Meanwhile in Russia, protesters from Russian Orthodox

organizations picketed the Ukrainian Embassy in Moscow.

They demanded equal rights for the Ukrainian and Russian

languages in Ukraine and what one of the organizations, the

Christian Rebirth Union, called "equal rights for ethnic

Russians on Ukrainian territory."

The upsurge in Russian concern follows Ukrainian

proposals in the last three months to increase the use of

Ukrainian in education and introduce Ukrainian-language

tests for state employees and officials. Russian-speakers

are angry that they may not be eligible for some state jobs

unless they learn Ukrainian. Some Russian community

organizations in Ukraine have characterized the moves as an

attack on Russian culture generally.

Last month, a Russian Foreign Ministry statement said

the measures could infringe upon human rights and damage

what it called "the cultural and linguistic environment."

The statement added that such actions in so sensitive an

area as language usually have "dire consequences."

Russian Human Rights Commissioner Oleg Mironov, for

his part, said that Ukraine's language proposals grossly

violate international norms, particularly the European

Convention on Human Rights, to which Ukraine is a

signatory. He called the scale of language discrimination

in Ukraine "massive and unprecedented."

In reply to the Russian charges, Ukrainian Foreign

Ministry spokesman Ihor Hrushko said that everyone in

Ukraine has the right to choose his or her language of

education. According to the Foreign Ministry, that is not

true of Russia, where, it added, the country's large

Ukrainian community has received very little official

support for Ukrainian-language publications or activities.

In any case, Hrushko commented, Kyiv is sure that its

proposals are in accordance with human rights norms. "We

have already informed the Russian side that if this

practice of groundlessly twisting the facts--that is, the

real situation concerning languages in Ukraine--continues,

then the Ukrainian side reserves the right to turn the

matter over for independent assessment by the Council of

Europe, the OSCE's (Organization for Security and

Cooperation in Europe) human rights experts or other

respected international bodies," he told RFE/RL. "We are

absolutely convinced that we are in the right on this

issue, and we are ready for any international

adjudication."

The language issue is an extremely emotional one

throughout the former Soviet Union. Non-Russians in most

former Soviet republics point out that they were forced to

use Russian in central and local government administration,

at the workplace, and in educational establishments.

(Notable exceptions were the three Transcaucasus republics,

whose respective republican constitutions proclaimed that

the mother tongue of the titular nationality was the state

language.) The use of a non-Russian native language was

often portrayed by Soviet authorities as evidence of

nationalism, and thousands were executed or sent to labor

camps for trying to defend their mother tongue.

Many Ukrainians, in particular, believe that during

the Soviet era, Russian was used as a weapon against the

national identity of non-Russian peoples. Under Soviet

rule, Ukrainians found it much safer to use the Russian

language. Besides, Russian was not only the language of

opportunity in education and at the workplace but also the

predominant language of literature and entertainment,

including television and films.

Within Ukraine, there is a pronounced east-west divide

in the use of language. Western Ukraine,. which was not

incorporated into the Soviet Union until after World War

II, is predominantly Ukrainian-speaking. Eastern Ukraine

was heavily russified under the tsar and later under

communism. The east also contains many of Ukraine's ethnic

Russians, who make up about one-fifth of the country's 50

million inhabitants.

After Ukraine attained independence, Ukrainian became

the state language and was introduced into more schools and

institutes as the language of instruction. But one-third of

the country's schools continue to use Russian, and much

official business is still conducted in that language.

Moreover, Russian-language publications and television

programs abound.

Many Ukrainians say their language needs to be

promoted as an essential ingredient of national identity.

They feel little sympathy for Russians who are reluctant to

learn the language of the country they are living in.

17-03-00

Reprinted with permission of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
URL: http://www.rferl.org

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