[3] Tanjug: The M-84 ABI - Implications for Tank Production in F-Yugoslavia.
Comments:
This edition of MAK-NEWS contains articles relating to Macedonia
and its neighbours, during the past several weeks.
Please Note: Unless otherwise stated, articles are reproduced
without permission for fair use only.
======================== MAK-NEWS ============================
[1] 08May95 AUSTRALIA: BISHOPS FLY IN FROM EUROPE TO BLESS NEW
CHURCH.
By ELISSA BLAKE.
More than 10,000 people attended the consecration of a new
Macedonian Orthodox Church in Epping yesterday.
The new church called St George and St Mary Holy Mother of
God is the largest Macedonian Orthodox Church outside the
former yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
The Very Reverend Spase Stefanovski, said the new church was
needed as large numbers of churchgoers moved into the
northern suburbs.
Nearly 40,000 people in the Orthodox community live in the
northern suburbs of Preston, Reservoir, Thomastown and
Epping.
The new church is expected to attract almost 600 each week.
More than 6500 children have been christened in the Orthodox
Church since the original St George was built in Fitzroy 35
years ago.
And more than 2500 marriages have been registered, including
churchgoers from other nationalities and Christian beliefs.
"This has contributed towards strengthening and elevating
the Christian spirit and deepened the spiritual links with
the mother church," Father Stefanovski said.
The massive $1.25 million building was blessed by two
bishops flown in from the former yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, Bishop Petar and His Grace Bishop Stefan.
Mr Jim Trajchevski, member of the building committee, said
the church was a prominent feature of High Street, Epping.
"When it's fully lit up it is almost like the MCG at a night
grand final," he said.
"This church means a strengthening of the community itself.
It's a giant step forward for us," he said.
The church was funded by the Orthodox community and designed
by Mr George Petridis, a young architecture graduate of
Melbourne University.
AGE (MELBOURNE)
[2] 06May95 UK: LEADERS ASSEMBLE FOR THANKSGIVING AND
RECONCILIATION - VE-DAY COMMEMORATION.
By Michael Binyon, Diplomatic Editor.
KINGS, Presidents and Prime Ministers from Europe, the
Commonwealth and the former Soviet Union began arriving
yesterday to take part in the most glittering international
celebration Britain has staged since the Coronation.
Representatives of 57 nations will attend a banquet at
Guildhall tonight, a service of thanksgiving, reconciliation
and hope in St Paul's tomorrow morning and a ceremony of
music and remembrance in Hyde Park in the afternoon, having
been entertained to lunch in Buckingham Palace by the Queen.
The criteria for invitation was that the country should have
been fought over during the war or that they should have
contributed at least a brigade of troops to the European
theatre. All the main combatants in Europe will therefore be
represented, including those such as Hungary, Austria,
Finland, Romania and Italy, which fought for at least part
of the war on Germany's side. Germany is doubly represented
by its President and its Chancellor.
All 15 former Soviet republics have been invited, as the Red
Army drew men from every part of the country, including
Central Asia. Only two leaders from the former Soviet Union
are not coming: President Shevardnadze of Georgia, who was
recently in Britain on an official visit and whose country
is in turmoil, and President Rakhmonov of Tajikistan, who
faces an armed rebellion.
Although Yugoslavia saw some of the fiercest partisan
fighting during the war, not all the successor states have
been invited. No invitations were sent to Serbia, Montenegro
or the rump federal Yugoslavia.
The invitations to both President Tudjman of Croatia and
President Izetbegovic of Bosnia have caused bitterness among
many Serbs, because of their wartime suffering at the hands
of the pro-Nazi puppet Croat Government as well as today's
troubles. The latest upsurge in fighting in the former
Yugoslavia makes it doubtful whether both leaders will in
fact be present.
President Gligorov of the former yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia is separated by a wide margin from President
Stephanopopulos of Greece, whose country refuses to
recognise Mr Gligorov's republic. The Greek leader, elected
only in March, comes second from last in protocol order
because he is the youngest in office, although his country
saw heavy fighting during the war. He is followed by
Gibraltar, the only British dependency separately
represented.
The Commonwealth will be little represented at the weekend
ceremonies. Although many soldiers from the colonies
especially in Africa joined up, most were sent to fight the
Japanese. Special commemorations will be held to mark their
wartime service in the VJ-Day commemorations, which will be
limited to Commonwealth participants.
Two countries that were far from the European theatre have
been invited because of their special war efforts. Jordan,
then known as Transjordan, declared war on Germany on the
same day as Britain. The Arab Legion, under its British
commander John Glubb, saw active service in North Africa
with Montgomery's forces, fought the Vichy French in Syria
and helped to put down the pro-Axis revolt in Iraq.
Brazil sent an expeditionary force of 25,000 officers and
men to Italy to help the Allied campaign. Brazil declared
war in 1942 in response to German attacks on Brazilian
ships, and in 1944 became the only Latin American country to
send troops to Europe.
THE TIMES
[3] 01May95 YUGOSLAVIA: THE M-84 ABI - IMPLICATIONS FOR TANK
PRODUCTION IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA.
By Dr Miodrag Ivanovic - Robert Carlyle.
In December 1994, the official Yugoslav news agency (TANJUG)
announced that a consortium, led by the Krusevac-based firm
of 14 Oktobar, had produced its first M-84 ABI (Tenk za
izvlacenje, armoured recovery vehicle or ARV). This vehicle
is based on the Yugoslav-produced M-84A main battle tank
(MBT), an improved version of the Soviet T-72. Although the
indigenous production of an ARV will certainly add to the
combat capability of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(FRY), there are other factors which are of even greater
significance.
Reasons for Production
The domestic production of armoured vehicles will be of
crucial importance if there is a fresh outbreak of fighting
between Serbs and Croats. It is difficult to believe, for
instance, that any fighting between Croatia and the Serbian
declared republic of Krajina could take place without the
intervention of the FRY. The resumption of tank production
is important for the latter in order to replace the 300
tanks that were either destroyed or seized when Croatia and
Slovenia declared their independence. Moreover, any
additional combat losses will naturally need to be replaced.
In the longer term, the FRY is likely to be interested in
continuing the policy of the former Yugoslavia by exporting
armaments to the Third World. Large quantities of munitions
and rockets have been sold to Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait
and Libya while aircraft parts and systems were exported to
Libya, Romania and the USA. Nevertheless, the most important
export, in terms of both reputation and income, has been the
M-84A tank. Costing US$1.5 million each, these have been
sold to Iraq, Kuwait and Libya, with Kuwait ordering 200 in
1991. Even while the war raged in Croatia, military
production and export continued, with a US$1.3 billion order
from Syria. (See also JIR, Vol 5, No 11, pp 502-505, and No
12, pp 541-546.)
Military Implications of ARV Production
ARVs do not have the same high profile as MBTs but they are
of crucial importance. Moreover, the latest generation of
ARVs are so equipped as to make possible significant repairs
rather than just towing damaged vehicles to safety. The M-84
ABI affords Serbia the ability to continue fighting in the
Bosnian and Croatian mountains, but it is particularly
useful on the muddy flats of Slavonia (the eastern part of
Croatia occupied by Serbian forces) which offer good tank
country.
There are a number of similarities between MBTs and their
ARV derivatives. In fact, 13 of the major sub-assemblies of
the VT-72B AVR (ARV), which was developed in the former
Czechoslovakia, are identical to the original T-72 tank,
while 23 assemblies have been partially adapted and 12 are
new. It is reasonable to expect a similar degree of
commonality between the M-84 ABI and the M-84A, so the
question is whether or not it is possible for the FRY to
produce MBTs.
As Table 1 shows, many factories that produce key tank
components lie within the FRY. However, for those suppliers
that are located outside the republic, a number either lie
within Serb-held territory or have the capacity to produce
the needed components. Since the 14 Oktober factory in the
FRY has assembled the M-84 ABI, it would seem that the
capability to fit heavy armoured vehicles remains. With
respect to the engine and running gear, the FMSN, FM, FASV,
FAST and FAMOS companies manufactured the majority of
components and are, or were, in areas held by the Bosnian
Serbs. Moreover, the Zrak company based near Sarajevo and
the the Rudi Cajevec company at Banja Luka produce the fire-
control system and many other electronic components. Both
these firms are located in regions controlled by Bosnian
Serb forces. The status of the main gun manufacturer is
uncertain. However, Zastava, the company that produced the M-
84A's machine gun, is able to construct 30-40 mm weapons,
and reports indicate the firm might be able to produce a 125
mm gun. Although Serbia and Montenegro do not currently have
the capacity to produce single-mould turrets, some steel
works exist that could make separate pieces which could then
be welded together to produce a passable turret. There are
no reports about the ability of the FRY to produce either
composite armour or laser rangefinders, but this would not
be a serious limitation on their use in Bosnia-Herzegovina
where tanks are often hull down and used as pill boxes
rather than in a mobile anti-armour role. High-grade steel
is likely to be the biggest limitation for completely
independent tank production. However, if the Serbian
factories cannot produce the required quantities or desired
quality, there are a number of Eastern European countries
from which steel can be bought despite the UN sanction.
Table 1 summarizes the information and provides alternative
production sites for other components needed to produce a
MBT.
Additionally, it would appear that the M-84 ABI contains a
number of improvements in the power-train over the M-84A.
The new ARV is reported to produce 1100 bhp, which is
greater than the 1000 bhp produced in the standard MBT. It
seems likely that this new, more powerful engine is derived
from the V2001 Vihor (Whirlwind) MBT that was under
development in the former Yugoslavia before the country
disintegrated. Although chassis details are unavailable, the
reported increase in power output in the M-84 ABI over
earlier models indicates that its hull is likely to be an
evolutionary step between that of the T-84A and the V2001.
Political Implications of ARV Production
The most important implication of M-84 ABI production is
that, despite the UN blockade, the FRY has been able to
produce a relatively complex armoured vehicle. This feat is
even more remarkable given that before the break-up of the
country, Yugoslav component suppliers were spread across the
different republics. Some of this new productive capacity is
probably due to the old Yugoslav policy of matching defence
plants in Serbia and Montenegro with those in the other
republics. However, it is easy to overstate the importance
of this factor as the duplicate plants were often of reduced
capacity. Table 2 shows the percentage of M-84A components
that were produced in each of the republics of the former
Yugoslavia.
Except for MBTs, and both rotary and fixed-winged aircraft,
the FRY has mostly been able to retain its capability to
produce all types of weapons, so the resumption of tank
production will be one of the final elements needed for the
indigenous production of military material despite the arms
embargo. Most analysts had predicted that it would be close
to a decade before tank production could resume in the
Federal Republic. However, the necessities of wartime appear
to have drastically shortened this time. Additionally,
presumed financial limitations on defence industry
reconstruction seem either to have been overcome or the
costs have been accepted.
Conclusions
For both military and economic reasons, the FRY needs to
restart M-84A production as well as development of the V2001
Vihor. It would seem that the FRY is capable (or nearly so)
of producing a MBT, although it may be below the quality of
those built before the country disintegrated. Even if the
FRY is not yet capable of producing a MBT, production of the
M-84 ABI will help keep production lines open until the
missing components become available. Finally, existing
production facilities can produce the spares needed to keep
the Federal Army (and possibly Bosnian Serbs) in the field
for extended operations.
At the political level, this suggests that the Federal Army
will have the capacity to produce all types of weapons and
spares in anticipation of the resumption of war. Production
appears possible despite the UN sanctions/blockade, which is
an indication of the growing self-sufficiency of the Federal
Republic's arms production. Moreover, once sanctions are
eventually lifted, the FRY can resume weapon exports to
boost trade and raise much needed foreign exchange.
Dr Miodrag Ivanovic and Robert Carlyle are Lecturers at the
School of Defence Management, Cranfield University,
Shrivenham.
Table 1: Manufacturers and Components of Tank M-84A in the
Former Yugoslavia
-Companies within Republic of Serbia
Company.............................Prva Petoletka
Town................................Trstenik
Structure (%).......................5
Components..........................Hydraulic, precision
engineering
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................IKS
Town................................Svetozarevo
Structure (%).......................3
Components..........................Cables, connections
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................Sever
Town................................Subotica
Structure (%).......................2
Components..........................Automatic gunner's
device,
electrical motors
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................MI `Moma
Town................................Batajnica
Structure (%).......................2
Components..........................Sealer elements
(gaskets)
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Stanojlovic'
Company.............................Teleoptik
Town................................Zemun
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Instrumentation
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................MRF
Town................................Cacak
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Parts for MBTs
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................14 Oktobar
Town................................Krusevac
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Gears
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................FAST - Hrasnica
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................Teleoptik
Town................................Zemun
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Periscope
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................Crvena Zastava
Town................................Kragujevac
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Machine guns: 12.7 mm,
7.62 mm
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................UTVA
Town................................Pancevo
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Fuel tanks, cassette
storage
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................Petar Drapsin
Town................................Beograd
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Castings for engines and
rivets
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................21 Maj-Rakovica
Town................................Rakovica
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Manual mechanism for
handling turret Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................Rekord
Town................................Rakovica
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Rubber products
(elements)
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................IKARUS
Town................................Zemun
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Refrigerators
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................FADIP
Town................................Becej
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Hydraulic installations
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Total 21
-Companies within Montenegro
Company.............................KAT
Town................................Podgorica
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Aluminium rivets
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................Radoje Dakic
Town................................Podgorica
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Gear teeth, caterpillars
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
Company.............................Bearing metal
Town................................Kotor
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Ball-bearing metal, etc
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Continued Production
industry
Total 2
-Companies within Republic of Croatia
Company.............................Djuro Djakovic
Town................................Karlovac
Structure (%).......................19
Components..........................Main assembly plant for
M-84
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................14 Oktobar - Krusevac
Company.............................TANG
Town................................N Gradiska
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Tools
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Sever - Subotica
Company.............................DALIT
Town................................Daruvar
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Iron castings
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Zelezara - Niksic or
Smerderevo
Company.............................Sila-Rapid
Town................................Zagreb
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................-
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................na
Total 21
-Companies within Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Company.............................FMSN
Town................................Pale
Structure (%).......................5
Components..........................Engines
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Bosnian Serb Held
Territory
Company.............................FM
Town................................Hrasnica
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Parts of engine
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Bosnian Serb Held
Territory
Company.............................FASV
Town................................Hrasnica
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Track guidance systems
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Jelsingrad - Banja Luka
Company.............................FAST
Town................................Hrasnica
Structure (%).......................3
Components..........................Gears for M-84
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................14 Oktobar - Krusevac
FRY.................................14 Oktobar/Miloje zakic
-Krusevac
Company.............................FAMOS
Town................................Ljubuski
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Parts of engine
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................na
Company.............................Bratstvo
Town................................Travnik
Structure (%).......................2
Components..........................Guns (125 mm)
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Crvena Zastava -
Kragujevac
Company.............................Bratstvo
Town................................Travnik
Structure (%).......................2
Components..........................Forge
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................MIN - Nis
Company.............................Zrak
Town................................Sarajevo, Kiseljak
Structure (%).......................10
Components..........................Fire control; sighting
systems
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Bosnian Serb Held
Territory
Company.............................Rudi Cajevec
Town................................Banja Luka
Structure (%).......................9
Components..........................Tank fire control;
radars; radios
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Bosnian Serb Held
Territory
Company.............................UNIS
Town................................Gornji Vakuf
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Springs
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................FAP - Priboj na Limu
Company.............................UNIS
Town................................Tesanj
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Oil pumps for
lubrication
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................21 Maj - Beograd
Total 34
-Companies within Republic of Macedonia
Company.............................MZT
Town................................Skoplje
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Track transmitters,
filters, rubbers
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................IMT or 21 Maj - Beograd
or Tigar
-Pirot
Company.............................11 Oktomvri
Town................................Prilep
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Protecting parts of
tanks
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................na
Company.............................Bratstvo
Town................................Ohrid
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Castings
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................MIN - Nis
Company.............................Gazela
Town................................Skoplje
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................-
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................na
Total 3
-Companies within Republic of Slovenia
Company.............................Zeljeznara
Town................................Jesenice
Structure (%).......................3
Components..........................Composite armour
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Import from Russia,
Slovakia or
Romania (or lower quality domestically)
Company.............................Zeljezare
Town................................Ravne
Structure (%).......................12
Components..........................Completion of turret
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Import from Russia,
Slovakia or
Romania (or lower quality domestically)
Company.............................Iskra
Town................................Ljubljana
Structure (%).......................4
Components..........................Laser rangefinding
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Rudi Cajevac - Banja
Luka (or
Slovenia)
Company.............................Saturus
Town................................Ljubljana
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Electronic and light
equipment
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Tesla - Beograd
Company.............................Tvorana Grejni Naprava
Town................................Ljubljana
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................Heaters
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................Elind - Kraljevo or
Krusin
-Raljevo
Company.............................TRZ
Town................................Bregana
Structure (%).......................1
Components..........................-
Alternative Production Sites for: Former
Yugoslavia...................No Alternatives
FRY.................................na
Total 19
Table 2: Percentage of M-84 Production in former yugoslav
Republics
Bosnia and Herzegovina 34
Serbia 21
Croatia 21
Slovenia 19
Macedonia 3
Montenegro 2
Photograph: The M-84A is based on the Russian T-72 but
incorporates may improvements to meet the requirements of
the Yugoslav army. It has a computerized fire-control
system, ballistic data sensors and day/night sights which
incorporate a laser rangefinder and second-generation image
intensifier. Volume 007/005
(c) Jane's Information Group Limited 1995.
JANE'S INTELLIGENCE REVIEW
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